Consensus!
Climate scientists agree: global climate change caused by humans1
March 11, 2014
Temperature data from four international science institutions. All show rapid warming in the past few decades and that the last decade has been the warmest on record.
Image from NASA.
Ninety-seven percent of climate scientists agree that climate-warming trends over the past century are very likely due to human activities,2 and most of the leading scientific organizations worldwide have issued public statements endorsing this position. The following is a partial list of these organizations, along with links to their published statements and a selection of related resources.
American Scientific Societies
Statement on climate change from 18 scientific associations
“Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.” (2009)3
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
“The scientific evidence is clear: global climate change caused by human activities is occurring now, and it is a growing threat to society.” (2006)4
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American Chemical Society
“Comprehensive scientific assessments of our current and potential future climates clearly indicate that climate change is real, largely attributable to emissions from human activities, and potentially a very serious problem.” (2004)5
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American Geophysical Union
“Human‐induced climate change requires urgent action. Humanity is the major influence on the global climate change observed over the past 50 years. Rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.” (Adopted 2003, revised and reaffirmed 2007, 2012, 2013)6
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American Medical Association
“Our AMA … supports the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fourth assessment report and concurs with the scientific consensus that the Earth is undergoing adverse global climate change and that anthropogenic contributions are significant.” (2013)7
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American Meteorological Society
“It is clear from extensive scientific evidence that the dominant cause of the rapid change in climate of the past half century is human-induced increases in the amount of atmospheric greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide.” (2012)8
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American Physical Society
“The evidence is incontrovertible: Global warming is occurring. If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth’s physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur. We must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases beginning now.” (2007)9
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The Geological Society of America
“The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.” (2006; revised 2010)10
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Science Academies
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International academies: Joint statement
“Climate change is real. There will always be uncertainty in understanding a system as complex as the world’s climate. However there is now strong evidence that significant global warming is occurring. The evidence comes from direct measurements of rising surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures and from phenomena such as increases in average global sea levels, retreating glaciers, and changes to many physical and biological systems. It is likely that most of the warming in recent decades can be attributed to human activities (IPCC 2001).” (2005, 11 international science academies)11
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U.S. National Academy of Sciences
“The scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify taking steps to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” (2005)12
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U.S. Government Agencies
Intergovernmental Bodies
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
“Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.”14
“Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely† due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.”15
†IPCC defines ‘very likely’ as greater than 90 percent probability of occurrence.
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List of worldwide scientific organizations
Worldwide, nearly 200 scientific organizations hold the position that climate change has been caused by human action.16
- Academia Chilena de Ciencias, Chile
- Academia das Ciencias de Lisboa, Portugal
- Academia de Ciencias de la República Dominicana
- Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales de Venezuela
- Academia de Ciencias Medicas, Fisicas y Naturales de Guatemala
- Academia Mexicana de Ciencias,Mexico
- Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia
- Academia Nacional de Ciencias del Peru
- Académie des Sciences et Techniques du Sénégal
- Académie des Sciences, France
- Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada
- Academy of Athens
- Academy of Science of Mozambique
- Academy of Science of South Africa
- Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS)
- Academy of Sciences Malaysia
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- Academy of Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Egypt
- Academy of the Royal Society of New Zealand
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Italy
- Africa Centre for Climate and Earth Systems Science
- African Academy of Sciences
- Albanian Academy of Sciences
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute
- American Academy of Pediatrics
- American Anthropological Association
- American Association for the Advancement of Science
- American Association of State Climatologists (AASC)
- American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians
- American Astronomical Society
- American Chemical Society
- American College of Preventive Medicine
- American Fisheries Society
- American Geophysical Union
- American Institute of Biological Sciences
- American Institute of Physics
- American Meteorological Society
- American Physical Society
- American Public Health Association
- American Quaternary Association
- American Society for Microbiology
- American Society of Agronomy
- American Society of Civil Engineers
- American Society of Plant Biologists
- American Statistical Association
- Association of Ecosystem Research Centers
- Australian Academy of Science
- Australian Bureau of Meteorology
- Australian Coral Reef Society
- Australian Institute of Marine Science
- Australian Institute of Physics
- Australian Marine Sciences Association
- Australian Medical Association
- Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society
- Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
- Botanical Society of America
- Brazilian Academy of Sciences
- British Antarctic Survey
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- California Academy of Sciences
- Cameroon Academy of Sciences
- Canadian Association of Physicists
- Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences
- Canadian Geophysical Union
- Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society
- Canadian Society of Soil Science
- Canadian Society of Zoologists
- Caribbean Academy of Sciences views
- Center for International Forestry Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) (Australia)
- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
- Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Crop Science Society of America
- Cuban Academy of Sciences
- Delegation of the Finnish Academies of Science and Letters
- Ecological Society of America
- Ecological Society of Australia
- Environmental Protection Agency
- European Academy of Sciences and Arts
- European Federation of Geologists
- European Geosciences Union
- European Physical Society
- European Science Foundation
- Federation of American Scientists
- French Academy of Sciences
- Geological Society of America
- Geological Society of Australia
- Geological Society of London
- Georgian Academy of Sciences
- German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina
- Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Indian National Science Academy
- Indonesian Academy of Sciences
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management
- Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology
- Institute of Professional Engineers New Zealand
- Institution of Mechanical Engineers, UK
- InterAcademy Council
- International Alliance of Research Universities
- International Arctic Science Committee
- International Association for Grea Lakes Research
- International Council for Science
- International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences
- International Research Institute for Climate and Society
- International Union for Quaternary Research
- International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
- International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
- Islamic World Academy of Sciences
- Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
- Kenya National Academy of Sciences
- Korean Academy of Science and Technology
- Kosovo Academy of Sciences and Arts
- l’Académie des Sciences et Techniques du Sénégal
- Latin American Academy of Sciences
- Latvian Academy of Sciences
- Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
- Madagascar National Academy of Arts, Letters, and Sciences
- Mauritius Academy of Science and Technology
- Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts
- National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Argentina
- National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
- National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic
- National Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka
- National Academy of Sciences, United States of America
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- National Association of Geoscience Teachers
- National Association of State Foresters
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- National Council of Engineers Australia
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, New Zealand
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- National Research Council
- National Science Foundation
- Natural England
- Natural Environment Research Council, UK
- Natural Science Collections Alliance
- Network of African Science Academies
- New York Academy of Sciences
- Nicaraguan Academy of Sciences
- Nigerian Academy of Sciences
- Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters
- Oklahoma Climatological Survey
- Organization of Biological Field Stations
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences
- Palestine Academy for Science and Technology
- Pew Center on Global Climate Change
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Romanian Academy
- Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium
- Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Spain
- Royal Astronomical Society, UK
- Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
- Royal Irish Academy
- Royal Meteorological Society (UK)
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
- Royal Scientific Society of Jordan
- Royal Society of Canada
- Royal Society of Chemistry, UK
- Royal Society of the United Kingdom
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Science and Technology, Australia
- Science Council of Japan
- Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
- Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- Slovak Academy of Sciences
- Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- Society for Ecological Restoration International
- Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
- Society of American Foresters
- Society of Biology (UK)
- Society of Systematic Biologists
- Soil Science Society of America
- Sudan Academy of Sciences
- Sudanese National Academy of Science
- Tanzania Academy of Sciences
- The Wildlife Society (international)
- Turkish Academy of Sciences
- Uganda National Academy of Sciences
- Union of German Academies of Sciences and Humanities
- United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
- World Federation of Public Health Associations
- World Forestry Congress
- World Health Organization
- World Meteorological Organization
- Zambia Academy of Sciences
- Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences
References
1 NASA Global Climate Change – Consensus: 97% of climate scientists agree |
2 W. R. L. Anderegg, “Expert Credibility in Climate Change,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 107 No. 27, 12107-12109 (21 June 2010); DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003187107.
P. T. Doran & M. K. Zimmerman, “Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,” Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union Vol. 90 Issue 3 (2009), 22; DOI: 10.1029/2009EO030002.
N. Oreskes, “Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,” Science Vol. 306 no. 5702, p. 1686 (3 December 2004); DOI: 10.1126/science.1103618.
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3 Statement on climate change from 18 scientific associations (2009) |
4 AAAS Board Statement on Climate Change (2006) |
5 ACS Public Policy Statement: Climate Change (2010-2013) |
6 Human‐Induced Climate Change Requires Urgent Action (2013) |
7 Global Climate Change and Human Health (2013) |
8 Climate Change: An Information Statement of the American Meteorological Society (2012) |
9 APS National Policy 07.1 Climate Change (2007) |
10 GSA Position Statement on Climate Change (2010) |
11 Joint science academies’ statement: Global response to climate change (2005) |
12 Understanding and Responding to Climate Change (2005) |
13 Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States (2009) |
14 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers (2007) |
15 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers (2007) |
16 Calafornia Office of Planning & Research List of Worldwide Scientific Organizations |
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